Ich bin Deutscher. Doch was passiert, wenn ich ebenfalls Staatsangehöriger von Frankreich bin?
Welcher Staat ist international für mich zuständig? Wenn mich ein Staat, in einer Art verletzt, dass mir der andere diplomatischen Schutz zukommen lässt und Entschädigung beansprucht, wer entscheidet darüber und nach welchen Kriterien?
So geschehen im Nottebohm Fall, wo ein geb. Deutscher nach Guatemala auswanderte, dort seinen Lebensmittelpunkt hatte, später aber auch die Lichtensteiner-Staatsangehörigkeit beantragte und bekam. Nun wurde Nottebohm durch Guatemala geschädigt (Enteignung). Kann man sich nun auf den Grundsatz der Hull-Formel bei Enteignungen ausländischer Investitionen berufen? Dies konnte Nottebohm nur, wenn er Ausländer wäre, was er durch den 2. Pass war.
Der IGH stellte fest, dass die Staatsangehörigkeit durch die Staaten selber, als Ausdruck ihrer Souveränität geregelt werden. Jedoch gibt es im Völkerrecht einen Kontrollmaßstab, wonach die effektive Staatsangehörigkeit gefordert wird. In diesem Fall hatte Nottebohm seine effektive Staatsangehörigkeit in Guatemala, da dort sein faktischer Lebensmittelpunkt war, sodass die Lichtensteiner Staatsangehörigkeit hier nicht zählte.
So entschieden im Nottebohm Case 1955:
Nationality is within the domestic jurisdiction of the State, which settles, by its own legislation, the rules relating to the acquisition of its nationality. But the issue which the Court must decide is not one which pertains to the legal system of Liechtenstein; to exercise protection is to place oneself on the plane of international law. International practice provides many examples of acts performed by States in the exercise of their domestic jurisdiction which do not necessarily or automatically have international effect. When two States have conferred their nationality upon the same individual and this situation is no longer confined within the limits of the domestic jurisdiction of one of these States but extends to the international field, international arbitrators or the Courts of third States which are called upon to deal with this situation would allow the contradiction to subsist if they confined themselves to the view that nationality is exclusively within the domestic jurisdiction of the State. In order to resolve the conflict they have, on the contrary, sought to ascertain whether nationality has been conferred in circumstances such as to give rise to an obligation on the part of the respondent State to recognize the effect of that nationality. In order to decide this question, they have evolved certain criteria. They have given their preference to the real and effective nationality, that which accorded with the facts, that based on stronger factual ties between the person concerned and one of these States whose nationality is involved. Different factors are taken into consideration, and their importance will vary from one case to the next: there is the habitual residence of the individual concerned but also the centre of his interests, his family ties, his participation in public life, attachment shown by him for a given country and inculcated in his children, etc.
According to the practice of States, nationality constitutes the juridical expression of the fact that an individual is more closely connected with the population of a particular State. Conferred by a State, it only entitles that State to exercise protection if it constitutes a translation into juridical terms of the individual's connection with that State. Is this the case as regards Mr. Nottebohm? At the time of his naturalization, does Nottebohm appear to have been more closely attached by his tradition, his establishment, his interests, his activities, his family ties, his intentions for the near future, to Liechtenstein than to any other State?
In this connection the Court stated the essential facts of the case and pointed out that Nottebohm always retained his family and business connections with Germany and that there is nothing to indicate that his application for naturalization in Liechtenstein was motivated by any desire to dissociate himself from the Government of his country. On the other hand, he had been settled for 34 years in Guatemala, which was the centre of his interests and his business activities. He stayed there until his removal as a result of war measures in 1943, and complains of Guatemala's refusal to readmit him. Members of Nottebohm's family had, moreover, asserted his desire to spend his old age in Guatemala. In contrast, his actual connections with Liechtenstein were extremely tenuous. If Nottebohm went to chat country in 1946, this was because of the refusal of Guatemala to admit him. There is thus the absence of any bond of attachment with Liechtenstein, but there is a long-standing and close connection between him and Guatemala, a link which his naturalization in no way weakened. That naturalization was not based on any real prior connection with Liechtenstein, nor did it in any way alter the manner of life of the person upon whom it was conferred in exceptional circumstances of speed and accommodation. In both respects, it was lacking in the genuineness requisite to an act of such importance, if it is to be enticed to be respected by a State in the position of Guatemala. It was granted without regard to the concept of nationality adopted in international relations. Naturalization was asked for not so much for the purpose of obtaining a legal recognition of Nottebohm's membership in fact in the population of Liechtenstein, as it was to enable him to substitute for his status as a national of a belligerent State that of the subject of a neutral State, with the sole aim of thus coming within the protection of Liechtenstein but not of becoming wedded to its traditions, its interests, its way of life or of assuming the obligations - other than fiscal obligations - and exercising the rights pertaining to the status thus acquired.
For these reasons the Court held the claim of Liechtenstein to be inadmissible.
Quelle:
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=215&p1=3&p2=3&case=18&p3=5Dort sind auch unter den anderen Reitern weitere Dokumente zu dem Fall zu finden.
Gedankenexperiment: Wenn für die Reichsbürger das Dt. Reich weiterexistiert als Staat, die BRD nun aber ein 2. Staat ist, der sich darauf befindet, welche Staatsangehörigkeit haben sie dann? Weil ihren Lebensmittelpunkt haben sie ja eindeutig in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, da sie sich mehr oder weniger nach dieser Ordnung richten, dort auch aufgewachsen sind und dort ihren Lebensmittelpunkt haben.
Da würde den Reichsbürgern also "DAS VÖLKERRECHT" auch einen
Strich durch die Rechnung machen
Schwierig